Wrangwortel (Helleborus viridis) werd ook Groen nieskruid genoemd en behoort samen met Zwart nieskruid, d. i. de bekende Kerstroos (Helleborus niger), tot hetzelfde geslacht dat in het Nederlands Nieskruid heet. De helleborusplanten zijn giftig en extracten werden vroeger wel gebruikt om zinsverbijstering en andere mentale problemen te behandelen.
De naam Nieskruid verwijst naar de wortelstok en de zaden van deze plant die stoffen bevat die de neus prikkelen en dus niezen veroorzaakt. Vroeger werd uit de wortelstok een poeder bereid dat gebruikt werd om het niezen te bevorderen. Het zou zelfs als niespoeder in kinderspeelgoed verwerkt geweest zijn. Een gevaarlijk speeltje.
Interessante info over Helleborus in artikel. Ethnobotanical, historical and histological evaluation of Helleborus L. genetic resources used in veterinary and human ethnomedicine. Viktória Lilla Balázs, Rita Filep, Tünde Ambrus, Marianna Kocsis, Ágnes Farkas, Szilvia Stranczinger & Nóra Papp
Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution volume 67, pages781–797(2020)
In the official European materia medica several historical records can be found on the therapeutic use of hellebores. In the Ancient Times the region of Anticyra, a port in the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth was famed for its hellebores which were regarded as a cure for insanity, gout, and epilepsy (Encyclopaedia Britannica 1910a).
The medical history of the species is a matter of controversion, because it has often been mistaken for other species (e.g. Adonis vernalis L., Actaea spicata L., Astrantia major L.), as a result of false botanical identification. The name of Helleborus has been used in some cases to describe other plants. Typical examples include mentioning H. albus for Veratrum album (Woodville 1810), or H. niger for Melampodium, which has been named in Melampus’ honor. Melampus, an ancient mythological shepherd and healer recommended the milk of a goat, which had been fed on the herb of hellebore, for the daughters of King Proetus for madness (Wood and Bache 1839; Encyclopaedia Britannica 1910b). Gallic men soaked the arrows into ellebore during hunting (data by Plinius). In Ancient Egypt the species was applied against mental disorders (Rácz 2010). In the antique medicine of Europe, the root was used as a purgative drug and for maniacal disorders by the removal of black bile. For a long time, H. niger was considered as “Hellebore of Hippocrates” recommended by antique medical writers (Woodville 1810).
In the modern Western materia medica H. niger L., H. orientalis L., and H. foetidus L. were used with various therapeutic purposes in the eighteenth–nineteenth century. While the Central European medico-pharmaceutical literature presented data mainly on H. niger, in Western European references H. foetidus was recognized as an official drug. H. niger was mentioned as a diuretic, emmenagogue and cathartic, called a melanagogue drug recommended in female obstructions, hysteric and hypochondriac fits, melancholy, madness, epilepsy, leprosy, and inveterate quartans in the eighteenth century (Alston 1770). It was also documented that its use can lead to inflammations of mucous membranes (gastric or intestinal), skin inflammation, and even vesication (Wood and Bache 1839). Irritating effect on nasal mucosa was therapeutically used by applying sternutatory (sneezing) powders including powdered rhizome of H. niger and H. viridis L. (Magyary-Kossa 1926).
The traditional and official medical use of Helleborus species is based mainly on the chemistry of some components as genetic resources. Among them, hellebores are rich in structurally diverse active compounds that are responsible for a variety of pharmacological effects (Cioca and Cucu 1974; Milbradt et al. 2003; Szabó 2005), e.g. cardiac glycosides, steroidal saponins, ecdysones, and protoanemonin (Szabó 2005). Steroidal saponins have wide structural diversity as both furostan and spirostan skeleton structures (Challinor et al. 2012; Maior and Dobrotă 2013). Concentration of helleborin, the most well-known cardioactive glycoside of hellebores, was found to be higher in H. purpurascens Waldst. et Kit. compared to H. odorus Waldst. et Kit. and H. viridis (Wissner and Kating 1974; Szabó 2005).
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